the american yawp reconstruction summary

This new approach interpreted the Constitution as already guaranteeing women the right to vote. Six weeks later, on July 9, 1868, the states ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, guaranteeing birthright citizenship and “equal protection of the laws. slavery). Advocates for women’s suffrage were largely confined to the North, but southern women were experiencing social transformations as well. Pardoned Rebels murdered him. And nearby, in Lafayette County, Klansmen drowned thirty Black Mississippians in a single mass murder. In January 1874, over 7,000 protesters congregated in New York City’s Tompkins Square to insist the government make job creation a priority. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the great women’s rights and abolition activist, was one of the strongest forces in the universal suffrage movement. These divisions came to a head early in 1867, as the AERA organized a campaign in Kansas to determine the fate of Black and woman suffrage. The second document, demonstrates one way that white Southerners denied these claims. for Black land ownership. WHAT: The effort to restore southern states to the Union and to redefine African Americans' place in American society. Attempts to restore the antebellum economic order largely succeeded. “It passes my comprehension to tell what became of our railroads,” one South Carolinian told a northern reporter. Some Republicans, like U.S. congressman Thaddeus Stevens, believed in racial equality, but the majority were motivated primarily by the interest of their political party. These incidents sometimes were reported to local federal authorities like the army or the Freedmen’s Bureau, but more often than not such violence was unreported and unprosecuted.31. They also aimed to limit Black economic mobility by terrorizing freedpeople who tried to purchase land or otherwise become too independent from the white enslavers they used to rely on. : . The death tolls of these conflicts remain incalculable, and victims were overwhelmingly Black. Many discarded the names their former enslavers had chosen for them and adopted new names like “Freeman” and “Lincoln” that affirmed their new identities as free citizens. Through associations like the Virginia Baptist State Convention and the Consolidated American Baptist Missionary Convention, Baptists became the fastest growing post-emancipation denomination, building on their antislavery associational roots and carrying on the struggle for Black political participation.19. . . Library of Congress. In April, the remaining troops were ordered out of the South. Residents of the town took pride in the fact that African Americans owned all of the property in town, including banks, insurance companies, shops, and the surrounding farms. 2. General Benjamin Butler is at the bottom left, accepting the Confederate surrender of New Orleans in 1862. On December 22, 1871, R. Latham of Yorkville, South Carolina, wrote to the New York Tribune, voicing the beliefs of many white southerners as he declared that “the same principle that prompted the white men at Boston, disguised as Indians, to board, during the darkness of night, a vessel with tea, and throw her cargo into the Bay, clothed some of our people in Ku Klux gowns, and sent them out on missions technically illegal. The Reconstruction era was a period of healing and rebuilding in the Southern United States following the American Civil War (1861-1865) that played a critical role in the history of civil rights and racial equality in America. These laws granted some rights to African Americans, like the right to own property, to marry, or to make contracts. Gertrude believed that her money had purchased a day’s labor, not just the load of washing, and she became quite frustrated. To cement the abolition of slavery, Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment on January 31, 1865. 1, c. 1866. Similar ambiguous vagrancy laws throughout the South reasserted control over Black labor in what one scholar has called “slavery by another name.”7 Black codes effectively criminalized Black people’s leisure, limited their mobility, and locked many into exploitative farming contracts. What were the circumstances under which he was impeached as president? The Union’s blockade of the Atlantic prevented the Confederacy from financing the war with cotton sales to Europe. Few were too young, and none too old, to make the attempt to learn.”16, Many churches served as schoolhouses and as a result became central to the freedom struggle. Understand the dynamics of change over time. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The NWSA soon rallied around a new strategy: the New Departure. American Yawp Chapter Summary. Mississippi’s vagrant law required all freedmen to carry papers proving they had means of employment.6 If they had no proof, they could be arrested and fined. Jourdon Anderson writes his former enslaver, 1865. But the war did prove beneficial to wealthy northern farmers who could afford new technologies. None of this is to suggest that the North’s superior ability to supply its war machine made the outcome of the war inevitable. In the South, limits on human freedom endured and would stand for nearly a century more. These documents chronicle a case in the wider wave of violence that targeted people of color during Reconstruction. In one instance, Freedmen’s Bureau commissioner General Oliver O. Howard went to Edisto Island to inform the Black population there of the policy change. How would these states be brought back into the Union? At first, the expansion of the currency and the rapid rise in government spending created an uptick in business in 1862–1863. Moreover, it ensured that state laws could not deny due process or discriminate against particular groups of people. Violence shattered the dream of biracial democracy. Once cotton production resumed, Americans found that their cotton now competed with new cotton plantations around the world. It was a moment of revolutionary possibility and violent backlash. The federal government created the Freedmen’s Bureau to assist freed people in securing their rights and their livelihoods. Start studying HIS121 American Yawp - Chapter 15. One of the more marked transformations that took place after emancipation was the proliferation of independent Black churches and church associations. Moreover, during the war, southern white women had been called on to do traditional men’s work, chopping wood and managing businesses. While white southern women decided whether and how to return to their prior status, African American women embraced new freedoms and a redefinition of womanhood. South Carolina and Mississippi passed laws known as Black Codes to regulate Black behavior and impose social and economic control. While the amendment was not all encompassing in that women were not included, it was an extremely significant ruling in affirming the liberties of African American men. In what ways did Reconstruction recreate “slavery by another name?”. This was especially true in the South. In the face of President Johnson’s repeated obstructionism, the House of Representatives issued articles of impeachment against the president. Ch-15.pdf - The American Yawp Chapter 15 \u2013 Reconstruction Quiz 1 When did Reconstruction begin a Before the war ended b With Lee\u2019s surrender at The American Yawp Chapter 15 – Reconstruction Quiz 1. Sallie Adkins of Warren County, Georgia, was traveling with her husband, Joseph, a Georgia state senator, when he was assassinated by Klansmen on May 10, 1869. Discuss the economic effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the north and the south. The war and its aftermath forever ended legal slavery in the United States, but African Americans remained second-class citizens and women still struggled for full participation in the public life of the United States. New tariff laws sheltered northern industry from European competition. Yet, with its most revolutionary aims thwarted by 1868, and economic depression and political turmoil taking even its most modest promises off the table by the early 1870s, most of the promises of Reconstruction were unmet. Library of Congress. Proponents of the Lost Cause tried to rewrite the history of the antebellum South to deemphasize the brutality of slavery. From the ashes of civil war, a new nation faced fresh possibilities while enduring old problems. Recommended citation: Christopher Abernathy et al., “Reconstruction,” Nicole Turner, ed., in The American Yawp, eds. Scandals sapped trust in the Grant Administration. Would they be conquered territories or equal states? Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. In this speech, Douglass calls on Americans to remember the war for what it was—a struggle between an army fighting to protect slavery and a nation reluctantly transformed into a force for liberation. Numerous Republican politicians, perhaps dozens, were killed, either while in office or while campaigning. To their masters, slaves constituted their most valuable assets, worth roughly $3 billion. With the election results contested, a federal special electoral commission voted along party lines—eight Republicans for, seven Democrats against—in favor of Hayes. Black delegates actively participated in revising state constitutions. Celebrations honored the bravery of both armies, and the meaning of the war faded. On the eve of war, the American South enjoyed more per capita wealth than any other slave economy in the New World. The last ember of hope for land redistribution was extinguished when Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner’s proposed land reform bills were tabled in Congress. To make matters worse, many of these former soldiers returned with physical or mental wounds. Soon the Bureau and the federal government would recognize that they could not accomplish a fraction of what they set out to do, including keeping African Americans safe and free in the South. University of Virginia, The Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave. After the Civil War, much of the South lay in ruins. Library of Congress. Simultaneously, women thrust themselves into … Many freedpeople immediately left plantations in search of family members who had been sold away. The era of Reconstruction witnessed a few moments of true progress. Unsurprisingly, these were also the places that were exempted from the liberating effects of the Emancipation Proclamation. Johnson’s slogans “Treason is a crime and must be made odious” and “I am your Moses” are on the wall. Some, like Antoine Dubuclet of Louisiana and William Breedlove from Virginia, owned enslaved laborers before the Civil War. Currier & Ives, First Colored Senator and Representatives in the 41st and 42nd Congress of the United States, 1872. In this report, General J.J. Reynolds describes the lawlessness of Texas during Reconstruction. Initially proposed as a war aim, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation committed the United States to the abolition of slavery. Reconstruction brought the first moment of mass democratic participation for African Americans. The policy would later be overruled and freedpeople would lose their right to the land. But the violence continued. Library of Congress. This table shows the military districts of the seceded states of the South, the date the state was readmitted into the Union, and the date when conservatives recaptured the state house. State governments were mired in debt. Yawp-Chapter 2 Questions.docx - Name Block Day Date The American Yawp Chapter 2 Colliding Cultures I Introduction What commodities were exchanged along Name:_____ Date:_____ Block:_____ Day____ The American Yawp: Chapter 2; Colliding Cultures I. Frances Harper, for example, a freeborn Black woman living in Ohio, urged them to consider their own privilege as white and middle class. Library of Congress. Reconstruction, the print seems to argue, will form a more perfect Union that upholds the ideals of the American Revolution, most importantly (as seen on a streaming banner near the top) that “All men are born free and equal.” John Giles Lawrence, Reconstruction, 1867. This print mocks Reconstruction by making several allusions to Shakespeare. Even everyday violence between individuals disproportionally targeted African Americans during Reconstruction. Women like Nannie Helen Burroughs and Virginia Broughton, leaders of the Baptist Woman’s Convention, worked to protect Black women from sexual violence from white men. This ruling not only defeated the New Departure but also coincided with the Court’s broader reactionary interpretation of the Reconstruction amendments that significantly limited freedmen’s rights. At the bottom, Johnson is trying to charm a Confederate Copperhead. .The man who tied me to a tree and gave me 39 lashes and who stripped and flogged my mother and my sister . . But white conservatives chafed at the influx of Black residents and the establishment of biracial politics. Chapter 15: Reconstruction American Yawp Chapter Summary In the early years of the nineteenth century, Americans’ endless commercial ambition—what one Baltimore paper in 1815 called an “almost universal ambition to get forward ”—remade the nation. The era witnessed perhaps the most open and widespread discussions of citizenship since the nation’s founding. It was a moment of revolutionary possibility and violent backlash. Wartime laws also transformed the relationship between the federal government and the American economy. The era witnessed perhaps the most open and widespread discussions of citizenship since the nation’s founding. But the United States never committed the personnel required to restore order and guarantee Black southerners the rights promised by the Fourteenth Amendment. For instance, some LMAs celebrated the anniversary of Stonewall Jackson’s death on May 10.27 Through these activities, southern women took on political roles in the South. She lent her educational expertise to the war effort by relocating to South Carolina in 1862 with the goal of educating formerly enslaved people. Resistance continued, and Reconstruction eventually collapsed. They also created the myth that the Civil War was fought over states’ rights instead of slavery, which was the actual cause. The compromise allowed southern Democrats, no longer fearing reprisal from federal troops or northern politicians for their flagrant violence and intimidation of Black voters, to return to power. Along with the textile mills, shoe factories, and iron foundries, the firms that produced McCormick’s wheat harvesters and Colt’s firearms displayed the technical advances of northern manufacturers. On the eve of war, the American South enjoyed more per capita wealth than any other slave economy in the New World. By the end of Reconstruction, the desire for self-definition, economic independence, and racial pride coalesced in the founding of dozens of Black towns across the South. White lawmakers forbade Black men from serving on juries or in state militias, refused to recognize Black testimony against white people, apprenticed orphaned children to their former enslaver, and established severe vagrancy laws. After the Civil War, much of the South lay in ruins. Radicalism had its limits, and the Republican Party’s commitment to economic stability eclipsed their interest in racial justice. The answers to many of Reconstruction’s questions hinged on the concepts of citizenship and equality. American Yawp Chapter Summary The American Civil War, the bloodiest in the nation’s history, resulted in approximately 750,000 deaths. His Reconstruction plan required provisional southern governments to void their ordinances of secession, repudiate their Confederate debts, and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. Library of Congress. By the end of Reconstruction in 1877, more than two thousand African American men had served in offices ranging from local levee commissioner to U.S. senator.12 When the end of Reconstruction returned white Democrats to power in the South, all but a few African American officeholders lost their positions. Access to pulpits and growing congregations provided a foundation for ministers’ political leadership. White conservatives would assert that Republicans, in denouncing violence, were “waving a bloody shirt” for political opportunity. The Black commission’s response was that “we were promised Homesteads by the government. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. The Confederate surrender at Appomattox Court House and the subsequent adoption by the U.S. Congress of the Thirteenth Amendment destroyed the institution of American slavery and threw southern society into disarray. The Spanish-American War and World War I established the U. Wikimedia. The House of Representatives approved the Fourteenth Amendment on June 13, 1866. They were met with brutality as police dispersed the crowd, and consequently the unemployment movement lost much of its steam. All southern women faced economic devastation, lasting wartime trauma, and enduring racial tensions. This scene is contrasted to the bottom right where General Philips Sheridan bows to Louisiana Attorney General Andrew Herron in 1866, implying a defeat for Reconstruction. P.H. Many southern governments enacted legislation that reestablished antebellum power relationships. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was organized in 1866 in Pulaski, Tennessee, and had spread to nearly every state of the former Confederacy by 1868. “We had passably good roads, on which we could reach almost any part of the State, and the next week they were all gone—not simply broken up, but gone. With the rise of Jim Crow, Black churches would enter a new phase of negotiating relationships within the community and the wider world. How would these states be brought back into the Union? Lincoln’s policy was lenient, conservative, and short-lived. On the eve of the 1876 presidential election, the nation still reeled from depression. . The House Joint Resolution proposing the 13th amendment to the Constitution, January 31, 1865; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-1999; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives. Between 1868 and 1877, and especially after the Depression of 1873, economic issues supplanted Reconstruction as the foremost issue on the national agenda. What did freedom mean to African Americans? After 1877, Republicans no longer had the political capital—or political will—to intervene in the South in cases of violence and electoral fraud. African Americans served at every level of government during Reconstruction. African American women continued participating in federal Decoration Day ceremonies and, later, formed their own club organizations. People placed these ads until the turn of the twentieth century, demonstrating the enduring pursuit of family reunification. Section One granted citizenship and repealed the Taney Court’s infamous Dred Scott (1857) decision. Alfred R. Waud, The Freedmen’s Bureau, 1868. Contributed by American YAWP US History at Stanford Sourced from Stanford University Press No headers Eyre Crowe, Slaves Waiting for Sale, Richmond, Virginia, 1861. During the Panic of 1873, workers began demanding that the federal government help alleviate the strain on Americans. . Land was one of the major desires of the freed people. By the early 1870s, Stalwart Republicans assumed control of Republican Party politics. Southerners trumpeted this case as evidence that widely documented cases of violence, sexual and otherwise, were fabricated. In the meantime, Johnson hoped that a new class of southerners would replace the extremely wealthy in leadership positions. The factories and farms of the North successfully supplied Union troops, while the federal government, with some adjustments, found the means to pay for war. The economic turmoil enabled the Democrats to take control of the House of Representatives after the 1874 elections, blunting the legislature’s capacity to any longer direct Reconstruction. “It passes my comprehension to tell what became of our railroads,” one South Carolinian told a Northern reporter. It was not uncommon to find a one-room school with more than fifty students ranging in age from three to eighty. Economic Development during the Civil War and Reconstruction, Barbara Jordan – On the Impeachment of Richard Nixon (1974), How the Other Half Lived: Photographs of Jacob Riis, National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=40&page=transcript, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=72360, https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=014/llsl014.db&recNum=58, https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/WomensLoyalNationalLeague.pdf, Franke, Katherine M. “Becoming a Citizen: Reconstruction Era Regulation of African American Marriages.”. In 1866, land that ex-Confederates had left behind was reinstated to them. Southern women celebrated the return of their brothers, husbands, and sons, but couples separated for many years struggled to adjust. The Depression of 1873 crushed the nation’s already suffering laboring class and destroyed whatever remaining idealism northerners had about Reconstruction. Matt Morgen, Print of a crowd driven from Tompkins Square by the mounted police, in the Tompkins Square Riot of 1874, January 1874. It was a moment of revolutionary possibility and violent backlash. After his famous March to the Sea in January of 1865, General William T. Sherman and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton met with twenty of Savannah’s African American religious leaders to discuss the future of the freedmen of the state of Georgia. In 1876, Thompson was exposed for cross-dressing. The answers to many of Reconstruction’s questions hinged upon the concepts of citizenship and equality. . “We had passably good roads, on which we could reach almost any part of the State, and the next week they were all gone – not simply broken up, but gone. Nevertheless, the formation and preservation of African American households became a paramount goal for African American women. Their efforts to control their labor met the immediate opposition of southern white women. But I feel that I have claims upon my country. “It passes my comprehension to tell what became of our railroads,” one South Carolinian told a Northern reporter. Treated rapidly and with all possible care, Lincoln nevertheless succumbed to his wounds the following morning, leaving a somber pall over the North and especially among African Americans. Most enslavers sought to maintain control over their formerly enslaved laborers through sharecropping contracts. Republicans chose Rutherford B. Hayes as their nominee; Democrats chose Samuel J. Tilden, who ran on honest politics and home rule in the South. The Civil War destroyed and then transformed the American economy. Black churches provided space for conflict over gender roles, cultural values, practices, norms, and political engagement. A notion of white supremacy and Black inferiority undergirded it all. Pictured here are Hiram Revels (the first African American Senator) alongside six Black representatives, all from the former Confederate states. If they could not pay the fine, the sheriff had the right to hire out his prisoner to anyone who was willing to pay the tax. Freedpeople placed a great emphasis on education for their children and themselves. . Black people’s desires to marry fit the government’s goal to make free Black men responsible for their own households and to prevent Black women and children from becoming dependent on the government. For white families, suicide and divorce became more acceptable, while the opposite occurred for Black families. “Contrabands,” Cumberland Landing, Virginia, 1862. Alfred R. Waud, The First Vote, November 1867. . “It passes my comprehension to tell what became of our railroads,” one South Carolinian told a northern reporter. Perhaps the most well-known of these towns was Mound Bayou, Mississippi, a Delta town established in 1887 by Isaiah Montgomery and Ben Green, formerly enslaved by Joseph and Jefferson Davis. Meanwhile, this washerwoman and others like her set wages and hours for themselves, and in many cases began to take washing into their own homes in order to avoid the surveillance of white women and the sexual threat posed by white men.28. The future of the South was uncertain. Through Ladies’ Memorial Associations and other civic groups, southern women led the efforts to bury and memorialize the dead, praising and bolstering their men’s masculinity through nationalist speeches and memorials. The Ku Klux Klan emerged in the late 1860s as the most infamous of these groups. Reconstruction, the print seems to argue, will form a more perfect Union that upholds the ideals of the American Revolution, most importantly (as seen on a streaming banner near the top) that “All men are born free and equal. “We had passably good roads, on which we could reach almost any part of the State, and the next week they were all gone—not simply broken up, but gone. In September 1873, Jay Cooke and Company declared bankruptcy, resulting in a bank run that spiraled into a six-year depression. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her partner in the movement, Susan B. Anthony, made the journey to advocate universal suffrage. Frank Bellew, Visit of the Ku-Klux,”1872. This print depicts a huge parade held in Baltimore, Maryland, on May 19, 1870, surrounded by portraits of abolitionists and scenes of African Americans exercising their rights. White people were understood as fit for freedom and citizenship, Black people for chattel slave labor. “We had passably good roads, on which we could reach almost any part of the State, and the next week they were all gone – not simply broken up, but gone. Frederick Douglass and other Black leaders engaged with Confederate sympathizers in a battle of historical memory. Click on the image for more information. In their former communities a natural continuation of the Fifteenth Amendment ignored sex as an barrier! Split over whether Black male suffrage should take precedence over universal suffrage, given the political and organizational into... Social and economic control or not paying them that spiraled into a six-year.. Any curtailment of citizens ’ “ fundamental rights. ” 8 & national consequences of Reconstruction over decade! Metaphor for the reconciliation of the Civil War the excerpt below, Garrison Frazier, the chosen spokesman the. 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